♦ عنوان: گذشته استمراری
♦ درس: 06
♦ مرجع: کتاب Grammar in Use سطح متوسط (intermediate)
♥ در این مقاله قصد داریم تا درباره ی ساختار زمان گذشته استمراری یا همان past continuous صحبت کنیم و تمامی نکات لازم مربوط به این زمان را با یکدیگر مرور نماییم. خب قبل از شروع این مبحث، یکبار متن زیر را بخوانیم.
1) Yesterday Karen and Joe played tennis. They started at 10 o’clock and finished at 11:30. [ درس 5 ] So, at 10:30 they were playing tennis.
2) They were playing tennis = They were in the middle of playing, they had not finished yet.
ترجمه و توضیح (1): دیروز کارن و جو تنیس بازی کردند. اونا در ساعت 10 شروع کردند (تنیس) و در ساعت 11:30 هم تموم کردند. بنابراین اونا در ساعت 10:30 داشتند تنیس بازی می کردند.
ترجمه و توضیح (2): آنها داشتند تنیس بازی می کردند = به این معناست که اونا در بین بازی کردن تنیس بودند و هنوز بازی کردن تمام نشده بود. [ درباره گرامر had finished در درس های آتی صحبت خواهیم کرد.]
طرز تهیه گذشته استمراری (past continuous)؛
3) I / he / she / it + was + verb + ing
– I was doing my homework. | he was doing his homework. |
– she was doing her homework. | it was doing its homework. |
4) you / we / they + were + verb + ing
– we were doing our homework. | we were doing our homework. |
– they were doing their homework. |
سوالی کردن ساختار گذشته استمراری؛
همانند دروس پیشین برای سوالی کردن یک جمله نیاز است تا was / were در ابتدای جمله و پیش از فاعل قرار بگیرند. برای درک بهتر به مثال های زیر توجه کنید.
5) Was she watching television before I arrived?.
ترجمه: آیا اون در حال تماشای تلویزون بود، زمانی که من رسیدم؟
6) Were They going to school?
ترجمه: آیا اونها در حال رفتن به مدرسه بوند؟
منفی کردن ساختار گذشته استمراری؛
همانند حال استمراری [درس 1]، برای منفی کردن جمله مورد نظر، نیاز است تا از (not) بعد از was / were استفاده کنید. برای درک بهتر به مثال های زیر توجه نمایید.
7) She was not (wasn’t) watching television.
ترجمه: او در حال تماشای تلویزیون نیست.
8) We were not (weren’t) going to the party.
ترجمه: ما در حال رفتن به جشن نیستیم.
خب بریم یکم بیشتر راجع به ساختار معنایی گذشته استمراری بحث کنیم.
9) I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing it at a certain time. The action or situation started before this time, but had not finished.
ترجمه: من در حال انجام دادن چیزی هستم به این معناست که = من در میان (وسط) انجام دادن آن در یک زمان مشخص هستم. اون کار یا موقعیت قبلاً (در گذشته) شروع شد و تموم نشده بود.
تصویر (1) – خط زمانی برای گذشته استمراری [کاری که در گذشته ادامه داشته است]
خب مثل همیشه، بریم چنتا مثال ببینیم.
10) This time last year, I was living in Hong Kong.
ترجمه: همین موقع سال پیش، من داشتم در هنگ کنگ زندگی می کردم.
11) What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
ترجمه: دیشب ساعت 10، داشتی چیکار می کردی؟
مقایسه بین گذشته ساده [درس 5] و گذشته استمراری [درس فعلی]
| گذشته استمراری |
12) We were walking home when I met Dan. (in the middle of walking)
ترجمه و توضیح: ما در حال قدم زدن به خانه بودیم که دَن رو دیدم. در واقع در یک زمان مشخص در گذشته در حال قدم زدن بودن و در حین (وسط) قدم زدن دَن رو هم ملاقات کردند.
13) Kate was watching TV when we arrived. (in the middle of watching TV)
ترجمه و توضیح: کِیت در حال تماشای تلوزیون بود که ما رسیدیم. در واقع در حین تلوزیون دیدن، ما هم رسیدیم. یعنی قبل از رسیدن ما کِیت در حال تماشای تلوزیون بود و وقتی هم که ما رسیدیم، داشت تلوزیون نگاه می کرد.
| گذشته ساده |
14) We walked home after the party last night.
ترجمه و توضیح: دیشب، ما بعد از جشن، به سمت خانه قدم زدیم.
15) Kate watched TV a lot when she was ill last year.
ترجمه و توضیح: سال گذشته، زمانی که کِیت بیمار بود، خیلی تلوزیون نگاه کرد.
توجه: شما می توانید از گذشته ساده (simple past) برای اتفاقی که میان اتفاق دیگری که در حال رخ دادن است (past continuous)، استفاده کنید. به مثال های زیر توجه کنید.
16) Matt phoned while we were having dinner.
ترجمه: مَت تماس گرفت زمانی که ما در حال خوردن شام بودیم.
17) It was raining when I got up.
ترجمه: (هوا) داشت بارون میبارید زمانی که من رسیدم.
18) I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
ترجمه: من دیروز تو را در پارک دیدم. تو در چمنزار نشسته بودی و در حال خواندن یک کتاب بودی.
19) I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
ترجمه: من کمرم درد گرفت زمانی که در باغ داشتم کار می کردم.
توجه: امــــــــــا، ما از زمان گذشته ساده استفاده می کنیم تا نشان دهیم یک کار / موقعیت / شرایط در گذشته بعد از کار / موقعیت / شرایط دیگری اتفاق افتاد. به مثال های زیر توجه کنید.
| مقایسه کنید |
20) When Karen arrived, we were having dinner ( = we had already started before she arrived)
ترجمه: وقتی کارِن رسید، ما در حال خوردن شام بودیم. (= ما قبل از اومدن کارن شام خوردن را شروع کرده بودیم)
21) When Karen arrived, we had dinner. ( = Karen arrived, and then we had dinner)
ترجمه: وقتی کارِن رسید، ما شام خوردیم. (= وقتی کارِن رسید، بعدش شام خوردیم)
| اَفعالی که استمرار نمی پذیرند |
در [درس4]، افعالی را مرور کردیم که با حالت استمراری یعنی (ing +) همراه نمی شوند.. افعال یادشده در این درس که درباره گذشته استمراری است نیز صدق می کنند.
تصویر(2) – افعالی که حالت استماری (حال-گذشته) نمی پذیرند
در پایان هم چندتا مثال ازین بخش ببینیم؛
22) We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not We were knowing …)
23) I was enjoying the party. but Chris wanted to go home. (not Chris was wanting …)
Exercise | تمارین
6.1) Complete the sentences. Choose from:
| was looking | | was wearing | | wasn’t listening | | weren’t looking |
| was snowing | | was working | | were sitting | | were you going |
1. Today Helen is wearing a skirt. Yesterday she was wearing trousers.
2. ” What did he say? ” ” I don’t know. I wasn’t listening. “
3. We were sitting at the back of theatre. We couldn’t hear very well.
4. This time last year Steve was working on a farm.
5. They didn’t see me. They weren’t looking in my direction.
ترجمه: اونها من رو ندیدند. اونها به سمت من نگاه نمی کردند.
6. The weather was bad. It was very cold and it was snowing.
7. I saw you in your car. Where were you going?
8. I saw Kate a few minutes ago. She was looking for you. [ look for = به دنبال کسی / چیزی گشتن ]
6.2) Which goes with which?
تصویر(1) – سمت چپ را به سمت راست وصل کن!
1. When I got to the cafe, my friends were waiting for me. [ 1 to f ]
2. We fell asleep while we were watching TV. [ 2 to e ]
3. Amy learnt Italian when she was living in Rome. [ 3 to a ]
4. Tom didn’t come out with us because he wasn’t feeling very well. [ 4 to g ]
5. The car began to make a strange noise when I was driving home. [ 5 to c ]
6. The TV was on, but nobody was watching it. [ 6 to d ]
7. When I first met Jessica, she was working in a clothes shop. [ 7 to b ]
6.3) Put the verb into the correct form. past continuous or past simple.
– I saw Sue in town yesterday, but she didn’t see me. She was looking the other way.
– I was cycling home yesterday, when a man stepped out into the road in front of me. I was going quite fast, but luckily I managed to stop in time, and I didn’t hit him.
6.4) Put the verb into the correct form. past continuous or past simple.
1. Jenny was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived. (arrive)
2. What were you doing (do) at this time yesterday? ” I was asleep. “
3. Did you go (go) out last night? ” No, I was too tired. “
4. How fast were you driving (drive) when the accident happened (happen)?
5. Sam took (take) a picture of me while I was not looking.(not / look)
6. We were in a very difficult position. We didn’t know (not / know) what to do, so we did (do) nothing.
7. I haven’t seen Alan for ages. When I last saw (see) him, he was trying (try) to find a job.
8. I was walking (walk) along the street when suddenly I heard (hear) something behind me. Somebody was following (follow) me. I was scared and stared (start) to run.
9. When I was young, I wanted (want) to be a pilot. Later I changed (change) my mind.
10. Last night I dropped (drop) a plate when I was doing (do) the washing up. Fortunately it didn’t break. (break)
| New words for this lesson | لغات جدید این درس
